No, not really. Index pattern is dependent on indices names, not the other way around. For changing the index name you really have only two option, from which second is kind of a workaround.
- Reindexing API is the mechanism that allows you to create a copy of existing index with changed name. All data is transferred to the new index. This operation takes time (more for larger indices) and performance resources. We are using it rarely nowadays , really. Mostly in some very specific cases for optimization or emergencies.
- Adding alias to the index. Alias is just alternative name to the index. You can add multiple and remove them fairly easily with API. Templates can add aliases during new index creation. This is great alternative for keeping bunch of different data under one name group. Aliases offer high flexibility and potential for further data management.